Under the project, data from satellites such as ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission (SMOS) is used to monitor the conditions that can lead to swarming locusts, such as soil moisture and green vegetation. Swarming occurs when a period of drought is followed by good rains and rapid vegetation growth.
"At FAO, we have a decades-long track record of forecasting plagues and working closely with countries at greatest risk to implement control measures. By bringing our expertise together with ESA's satellite capabilities we can significantly improve timely and accurate forecasting. Longer warning periods give countries more time to act swiftly to control a potential outbreak and prevent massive food losses," said Keith Cressman, FAO's senior locust forecasting officer.
"Routine global observations by the Copernicus Sentinel satellites coupled with the free and open data policy are excellent prerequisites for a closer cooperation with international partners like FAO and other UN organisations," said Josef Aschbacher, ESA's director of Earth Observation Programmes which is based in Italy. "We strongly support these organisations' research and development activities, which helps to continuously innovate the use of the satellite observations."
Soil moisture indicates how much water is available for vegetation growth and favourable locust breeding conditions and can, therefore, predict the presence of locusts two to three months in advance. In the past, satellite-based locust forecasts were derived from information on green vegetation, meaning the favourable conditions for locust swarms were already present and only allowed for a warning period of one month.
Using the example of Mauritania's last outbreak in 2016, the project team was able to identify a time lag of about 70 days from the initial signs of soil moisture to when the outbreak eventually occurred. The additional early warning will allow more time for national authorities to prepare for control measures when facing future outbreaks.
"We now have the possibility to see the risk of a locust outbreak one to two months in advance, which helps us to better establish preventive control," said Ahmed Salem Benahi, chief information officer for Mauritania's National Centre for Locust Control.
Desert Locusts are grasshoppers that can form large swarms and pose a major threat to agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security. They are found primarily in the Sahara, across the Arabian Peninsula, and into India. The insect is usually harmless, but swarms can migrate across long distances and cause widespread crop damage. A one square kilometre-sized swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which eat the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 people.
More than eight million people were affected in West Africa during the 2003-2005 plague in which cereal crops were wiped out and up to 90 percent of legumes and pasture were destroyed. It took nearly $600m and 13 million litres of pesticide to bring it under control.
