The woman in her 50s died some 10 days after being bitten by the cat last year after she took the animal to a veterinary hospital.
Authorities have since confirmed that she developed SFTS, a disease transmitted by bites from a certain group of virus-carrying ticks.
Human-to-human infections of the tick virus through blood contact have been reported, but ministry officials believe the Japanese woman's death could be the first case of a human dying from the bite of an infected animal.
"No reports on animal-to-human transmission cases have been made so far," a health ministry official told AFP.
"It's still not confirmed the virus came from the cat, but it's possible that it's the (world's) first case," she said.
Another official said there were no signs the woman had been bitten by a tick.
SFTS, or severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, triggers symptoms including severe fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
In Japan some 60 people contract the disease every year from tick bites with a fatality rate of some 20 percent, according to the Japanese ministry.
No preventive medicines or vaccines are available for the disease.
"There are only symptomatic therapies, such as dealing with fever or diarrhoea," the ministry official said.
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